Flora's on the internet
The compilation of these lists is an ongoing process, and any updates, additions, or remarks are most welcome (feel free to use our contact form). Our primary focus is the European region. For online floras covering areas outside Europe, you can refer to www.efloras.org. We first provide a concise list of the main sites in Europe, followed by a more extensive list (see below) for each country or larger island.
Quick jump to:Jump to European countries in detail (incl. Maraconesian area, Açores):
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Europe (incl. Maraconesian area, Açores)
- Biodiversity Library of the New York Botanical Garden containing many downloadable old books.
- Dendroimage, a website on European dendrology by Gerd Seehawer, with many of pictures.
- Euro+Med PlantBase, covering all native and introduced vascular plants of Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Caucasus.
- European orchids, website by Günther Blaich.
- European orchids, website by Dr. Helmuth Zelesny and Bernd Wössner.
- Frank Nature, with photographs of European orchids, by Frank Verhart.
- Free Nature Images, a site with photographs of all aspects of European nature, landscapes, and ecology.
- Living Natural Treasures offering an overview of endemic plants and animals for every country in the world.
- Med-Checklist, an inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean countries. The site also offers an extensive list of floras that can be used throughout Europe.
- Online copy of the Exkursionsflora von Europa (Franz Thonner, 1901).
- Online copy of Conspectus florae Europaeae (Carlo Frider Nyman, 1878-1882).
- Pharmanatur, website on European orchids.
- Plant Atlas, an international project by the University of Groningen on the identification of seeds, fruits, and vegetative plant parts. High-quality colour photos of seeds and other plant parts.
- Atlas of the flora of Wallonia.
- Botanical Gardens and Herbarium in Meise.
- Day-to-day overview of observations in Belgium.
- Econet, checklists of several species groups by the University of Liège.
- Flora of Brussels.
- Invasive species in Belgium. Forum on Belgian invasive species (in English).
- Photo database of Belgian plant species by the University of Leuven.
- Red lists of species in Flanders.
Bulgaria
- Anthos, the Spanish plant information system, originating from the Flora Iberica research project.The site includes the Spanish mainland, the Canary Islands, and Madeira.
- Botánica Macaronésica. Articles on taxonomy, botany, ecology and identification of the Macaronesian flora, including online copies of Botanica Macaronésica.
- Flora of the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands.
- Flora Vascular de Canarias.
- Gran Canaria's Botanical Garden.
Crete
- Cretan Flora. Online Flora of Crete, with many pictures.
- Photostream on the flora of Crete by Nick Turland.
- Photostream on the flora of Crete by Karl Hauser.
- Selection of wild plant species in Crete, with photographs and brief descriptions.
Croatia
- Croatian Botanical Society.
- Database of the Croatian flora.
- Online copy of the Beiträge zur Flora von Croatien und Dalmatien (G.A. Poscharsky, 1896).
Cyprus
Czech Republic
- Biobent, website on Danish nature and vegetation, conveniently sorted by island or region.
- Biopix, database of photographs of Danish nature, including plant species.
- Danmarks Orkidéer, an excellent website on the orchids of Denmark with pictures and help for identification, by Jimmy Lassen (only in Danish).
- Naturbasen, Denmark's national species portal, based on citizen science.
- Naturstyrelsen, site of the Danish Nature Agency with information on the red lists of Denmark.
- Conservatoire botanique National Hauts-de-France, with extensive information on the flora and vegetation of the North of France, including downloads of the Flore de la Flandre française.
- Flore Alpes, covering the flora of the Hautes-Alpes, mountain regions, Provence and beyond.
- Fleurs des champs, a checklist of common plant species of France.
- Floraine, flora of the Lorraine region.
- Online copy of Atlas de la Flore des environs de Paris, (Ernest Cosson and Ernest Germain de Saint-Pierre, 1882).
- Online copy of Flore des Alpes Maritimes, (Émile Burnat, 1892).
- Online copy of Prodrome de la flore Corse Part I and II (John Briquet, 1910-1913).
- Orchids of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and other regions of France, by the University of Lill.
- Photo Flora of European plants, unfortunately with many dead links.
- Plantes Sauvages, covering the distribution of French wild plants.
- Préservons la nature, covering the wild flora of France.
- Réserves Naturelles, overview of the French nature reserves.
- Société Botanique de France.
- Tela Botanica, the most important website on the French flora.
- The orchids of Germany, references to the sites of different "Arbeitskreise Heimische Orchideen" in Germany.
- Baumkunde, tree species in Germany.
- Bio Lib, the flora of Germany in pictures.
- Blumen in Schwaben, photo-based identification key for the identification of higher plants in Germany, including common garden plants.
- Botanical Garden of the Bochum University, with many pictures.
- Eifelnatur, coverts nature aspects if the area between the Rhine and Meuse rivers.
- Flora of Frankfurt am Main.
- Flora of the Landeskreis Karlsruhe.
- Floraweb, information on the distribution, endangerment, protection, taxonomy and nomenclature, and biology and ecology of wild-growing ferns and flowering plants in Germany.
- Online Exkursionsflora of the Alps and adjacent regions, by Dr. Thomas Götz.
- Archive of the former homepage of Robert Flogaus-Faust with photographs of wild plants of Europe.
- European Orchids and other species by Günther Blaich.
- Native orchids in the Kaiserstuhl, the Elzwiesen and the Vosges Mountains by Sabine Rennwald.
- Photos and descriptions of native wild plants and their habitats, mainly in the Rhineland, by Joachim Schmitz.
- Pictures by Gerhard Nitter of wild plants growing in Germany and the Alps.
- Plant database with photos of vascular plants of Germany and the Alps, by Andreas Kammann and Heike Esch.
Greece
- Botanical Garden Akureyri, with data on wild plants and photos.
- Flóra Íslands, the flora of Iceland.
- Plants of Iceland, with photos and descriptions of plant species.
Ireland
- Bibliography for the Irish flora, useful books and additional information.
- Irish Wild Flowers, photos of wild plants and lots of information.
- The Flora of Ireland, an introduction to the Irish flora.
Italy
- Acta Plantarum, database and forum where amateur botanists share floristic data from Italy.
- Website of the Associazione Nazionale Insegnanti di Scienze Naturali (ANISN).
- Website of the Associazione Micologica e Botanica (AMINT) with an exensive photo gallery of Italian orchids.
- Flora Italiana with photos, distribution, and more.
- Flora Alpina Bergamasca, website on the flora around Bergamo.
- Flora of the Maritime Alps.
- Online copy of Flora Sardoa (Giuseppe Giacinto Moris, 1837-1859).
- Online copy of Flora dell'isola di Pantelleria (Stefano Sommier, 1922).
- Online copy of Flora italiana (Filippo Parlatore and Teodoro Caruel, 1848-1896).
- Orchids of the Monti Picentini.
- Protected plant species of Liguria.
- Anthos, the Spanish plant information system originating from the Flora Iberica research project, also covers the Canaries and Madeira.
- The website Madeirabirds not only covers bird species, but also a number of plants.
Malta
Mediterranean
- Euro+Med PlantBase, the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
- Flora of the Alps and the Mediterranean by Thomas Meyer and Michael Hassler.
- OPTIMA, the Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area is an international association of botanists.
- Plant Image Gallery with about 7000 pictures of plants from Europe, Costa Rica and the Galapagos Islands, with some close-up images under a microscope.
- Day-to-day overview of observations in the Netherlands.
- Dutch plant species register.
- Flora van Nederland, online resources on plant species and vegetation in the Netherlands.
- Identification keys in Heukels' concise school flora (H. Heukels and W.H. Wachter, 1936).
- Images of plant species from Natuurlijke historie van Nederland, de flora (C.A.J.A. Oudemans, 1862).
- Online copy of Heukels' Flora van Nederland (H. Heukels, 1909-1911).
- Floron, a volunteer organization for flora enthusiasts.
- Wilde planten, website on Dutch and Belgian wild plant species, created by Klaas Dijkstra.
Norway
- Archive of Polish magazines on (geo)botany.
- Atlas Roślin, the Polish flora.
- Institute of Botany (Polish Academy of Sciences).
Portugal
- Botanical Garden of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice.
- Online editions of the botanical journal Bulletin Slovenskej botanickej spoločnosti.
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre SAS.
Slovenia
Spain
- Anthos, the Spanish plants information system, originating from the Flora Iberica research project.
- Biodiversity data bank of Catalonia.
- Flora and vegetation of the Plana de Lleida (Ponent).
- Flora de Catalunya (Juan Cadevall y Diars et. al., 1915-36).
- Flora Iberica online.
- Flora of the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands.
- Flora of Catalunya, recorded by Joseph M. Guasch during walks up to 5 hours from his home.
- Library of the Royal Botanical Gardens in Madrid.
- Online editions of the botanical journals Flora Montiberica and Bouteloua.
- Online editions of the botanical journal Acta botanica Malacitane.
Sweden
- Botanical site created by Leif and Anita Stridvall, containing many photos from Swedish plants and plants elsewhere in Europe.
- Botaniska Föreningen Göteborg.
- The website of the Swedish National Museum of Natural History, where you can find information about as well as pictures of historically interesting plants and lichens.
- Today´s plant observations on the Artportalen of the Swedish Agricultural University SLU.
Switzerland
- Atlas der Alpenflora (4 volumes) (Hartinger et. al., 1882).
- Alpen- ind Mittelmeerflora by botanist Ernst Gubler.
- Botanical Garden of the University of Basel.
- Exkursionsflora der Alpen by Thomas Götz (downloadable).
- Info flora: website of the National Data and Information Center on the Swiss Flora.
- Orchids of the Swiss Canton Aargau, by the Arbeitsgruppe Einheimische Orchideen Aargau.
- Swiss Web Flora (somewhat outdated).
- A Modern Herbal (Mrs. M. Grieve, 1931), describing herbs and their medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, economic, and folkloric properties.
- New Flora of the British Isles (Clive Stace, 2010) on Google Books.
- Atlas of the National Biodiversity Network.
- Bio Images, a long-running, independent photographic guide to the wild species of Britain and Ireland.
- Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland (BSBI).
- British Wild Flowers: a website developed by John Somerville, providing photographic references for the flora of the UK and beyond.
- Data portal of the National History Museum.
- Ecological Flora of Britain and Ireland: a database of higher plant species, together with the bibliography of sources.
- Flora of Alderney by Brian Bonnard.
- Flora of Northern Ireland.
- Floral Images, a collection of pictures of the northwestern European flora (mainly the UK and Ireland).
- Kew Royal Botanical Gardens.
- Science and Plants for Schools: learning the basic skills required for plant recognition.
- Wild Flower Society, a national society for amateur botanists and wild flower lovers in Britain and Ireland.
- UK Wild Flowers, a photographic overview of plants recorded by amateur field botanist Peter Llewellyn in the UK, Ireland and beyond.
- The European garden flora, volume 2 Juncaceae to Orchidaceae (S.M. Walters et al., 2003) partly on Google Books.
- Belgian Dendrological Society.
- Bio Gärtner, a German site on organic gardening.
- Clematis, a commercial Belgian website on Clematis species, with many photos of species that could be encountered as garden escapees.
- Dave's Garden, with tips on gardening and an extensive online garden plant database.
- Floridata, a website on plant species of the Hawaiian Islands that can sometimes be found throughout the world.
- Jardin! French encyclopedia of garden plants.
- Plant Finder of the BBC, a site on garden plants that unfortunately is no longer updated.
- International Palm Society.
- Plant Finder of the Royal Horticultural Society (UK).
- Plantago, a Dutch website on garden plants.
- Rare Plants, a commercial website that sells seeds of rare and endemic plant species.
- African plants, a photo guide.
- Botanical Society of South Africa.
- Catalogue of the Plants of Madagascar.
- Ferns of Africa, a site on the Pteridophytes of Africa.
- Flora of Botswana.
- Flora of Burundi.
- Flora of the Caprivi.
- Flora of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Flora of Equatorial Guinea.
- Flora of Malawi.
- Flora of Mozambique.
- Flora of Rwanda.
- Flora of Zambia.
- Flora of Zimbabwe.
- Photographic record of the plants and animals found on Farm Kyffhäuser (and surroundings) in the Maltahöhe district of Namibia.
- Plants of Southern Africa.
Asia
- Checklist of Plants of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
- Flora of Jordan.
- Herbarium of Dr. František Nábělek, containing 6,775 plant specimens from the current Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Bahrain, Iran and Turkey.
- Plants of Lebanon and Syria.
- Projects of the Missouri Botanical Garden in Asia and the Pacific.
Australia / New Zealand
- Australian National Species List.
- Australasian Virtual Herbarium.
- BioNet Atlas, the repository for flora and fauna sightings in New South Wales.
- Botanical Libraries of the Australian National Botanic Gardens and the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research.
- Flora of New South Wales.
- Flora of New Zealand.
- Flora of Victoria.
- Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS), hosted by the Australian National Botanic Gardens and the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research.
- Online copy of the printed Flora of New Zealand (Vol. I-V).
Canada
- Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Newfoundland and Labrador.
- Mount Allison Flora Project.
- Wild Flowers of Nova Scotia.
Falklands
Global
- Gentian Research Network (site no longer updated).
- Global database of the world’s botanical gardens.
- International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS) for Leguminosae.
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
- Online archive of the journal Systematic Botany.
- Online floras of countries around the world.
- Orchidwire, an overview of Orchid enthusiasts around the world.
- Plants of the World Online, a site covering all known plants species, hosted by the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.
- Wikipedia list of botany journals).
- World Wide Flowering Plant Family Identification, hosted by Colby College in Waterville, Maine.
North America
- Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Botanical Society of America.
- CalPhotos, many photos of plants, compiled by the University of California, Berkeley.
- Connecticut Botanical Society.
- Flora of New England, compiled by the Colby College in Waterville, Maine.
- Intermountain Herbarium of the Department of Biology at the Utah State University.
- Library of the New York Botanical Garden, including a virtual herbarium.
- PLANTS Database of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- Wild plants of California.
South America
- Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Serranía de Pilón Lajas and the Adjacent Piedmont, Ballivian Province, Beni, Bolivia.
- Flora of Argentina.
- Flora of Argentina by the Darwinion Botanical Institute.
- Flora of Chile.
- Online copy of the Flora of Chile.
- Online identification of plants of Argentina.
- Projects of the Missouri Botanical Garden in Mesoamerica.
- Projects of the Missouri Botanical Garden in South America.